Sphacelotheca reiliana smut fungus attacking heads of corn or sorghum and causing a covered smut head smut smut fungus, smut any fungus of the. For each major crop of the eppo region, eppo guidelines on. Sphacele calycina synonyms, sphacele calycina pronunciation, sphacele calycina translation, english dictionary definition of sphacele calycina. Plpaco01002 head smut of corn symptoms head smut is a systemic disease of corn that starts at seedling stage, and remains asymptomatic until the plant reaches its reproductive stage. Cookies on plantwise knowledge bank like most websites we use cookies. Assessment of important plant disease of major crops. Eppo guidelines on good plant protection practice gpp are intended to be used by national plant protection organizations, in their capacity as authorities responsible for regulation of, and advisory services related to, the use of. The objective of this study was to produce a coating technology to protect corn from s. Pdf in vitro influence of selected fungicides on sphacelotheca. Lettris is a curious tetrisclone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Pathogen background and epidemiology head smut, caused by the fungus sphacelotheca reiliana kuhn clint. Screening of secreted proteins of sporisorium reilianum f. International journal of science and research ijsr issn online.
Head smut attacks both corn and sorghums, being more common on the latter. Seedlings free of microbialcontamination were trans ferred to sterilized peat. Head smut of corn is caused by the fungus sphacelotheca reiliana and occurs in the northeast of china and in regions of similar climate. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks. The sorus is covered by a whitish grey membrane of fungal tissue, which ruptures, before the head emerges from the boot leaf to expose a mass of brown smut spores. The reactions of 8 physiologic races on 10 differential sorghum varieties are tabulated by tarr 1962, p. Whether youre a student, an educator, or a lifelong learner, can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement. Evaluation of efficacy of different disease management practices against sorghum covered smut sphacelotheca sorghi at fedis and babile, eastern ethiopia. It is important to limit transmission of spores to disease free areas via harvesting equipment or planting tools.
Head smut maize sphacelotheca reiliana, ustilago maydis gray leaf spot maize cercospora zeamaydis maize leaf blight drechslera turcicum stalk rot ear rot maize fusarium graminearum, f. Identified pathogen and infection level % in various crops at 3 locations woreda crop pathogen incidence%. Cultural characteristics of sporisorium sorghi and. Sporisorium reilianum kuhn langdon and fullerton, is an important disease of maize and other crop plants. Susceptibility of maize inbreds and incidence of symptomless.
In this study, we mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci qtl conferring resistance to s. The primary panicle was not smutted when it emerged from the boot. Pdf head smut of maize caused by sphacelotheca reiliana. Nasa technical reports server ntrs alkanes in fungal. The purpose of this study was to develop scar markers for mapbased cloning of resistance genes and mas. Extraction and analysis of melanin pigment produced by. Mar 05, 2008 head smut of maize, caused by the fungus sporisorium reiliana, is an important disease in the temperate maizegrowing areas worldwide. This chapter is adopted under the legal authority of sections 10322, 22107, 2211222 22702, and 2223035 idaho code. Grow resistant varieties like t 291, pj 7k, pj 23k, nandyal and bilichigan. It has become a major constraint in seed production areas as the spores it produces adhere to and contaminate seeds. Symptoms become obvious at flowering time, when the fungus causes spore formation and phyllody in the inflorescences. Maize corn diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. This article is within the scope of wikiproject fungi, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of fungi on wikipedia. Untersuchungen uber sphacelotheca reiliana, journal of.
The causal agent is sphacelotheca reiliana, a fungus that attacks corn plants sporadically throughout the field, invading some plants, but leaving others unaffected. Use clean and disease free maize seeds because the disease can be seedborne. Evaluation of efficacy of different disease management practices against sorghum covered smut sphacelotheca sorghi at fedis and babile, eastern ethiopia samuel tegene, fuad abdusalam, and zeleke legesse. Despite the economic importance of covered kernel smut of sorghum sporisorium sorghi in many african states and other parts of the world, only limited information is available on laboratory cultivation methods for this fungus and techniques for its diagnosis in plant tissue. Importance and management of sorghum smuts with special reference to. Sphacelotheca reiliana, head smut basf maize head smut male inflorescence of maizeinfected by head smut. Sphacelotheca reiliana, head smut basf maize head smut spikes of maize infected by head smut. Plants are infected by soilborne the publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Assessment of important plant disease of major crops sorghum. The pest management decision guide provides information on how to prevent, monitor and control sphacelotheca reiliana. Spores are embedded in long, thin, dark colored filaments which. Three types of my celium are found in a developing sorus. A large, reproductive mycelium produced teliospores from the centers of the intervascular regions.
Effects of an environmentally friendly seed coating agent on. Covered smut is transmitted by seed contaminated by spores noble et al. Realtime pcr assay for detection of sphacelotheca reiliana. Maize and cornmeal dried, ground maize are staple foods in countries all over the world. Clinton, is a widespread and economically important disease of maize. Sphacelotheca synonyms, sphacelotheca pronunciation, sphacelotheca translation, english dictionary definition of sphacelotheca. The ears can be cooked and eaten from the cob as a vegetable or the kernels can be removed and either eaten as is or used to produce a wide variety of foodstuffs including cereals and flour. In russia, growing barley for 2 years after continuous maize greatly reduced infection by s. Information and translations of sphacelotheca in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.
Agworld and greenbook data solutions does not provide any guarantee or assurance that the information obtained through this service is accurate, current or correct, and is therefore not liable for any loss resulting. The material and content contained in the greenbook label database is for general use information only. Accepted 6 april, 2010 head smut of corn is caused by the fungus sphacelotheca reiliana and occurs in the northeast of china and in regions of similar climate. Sphacelotheca reiliana and corn growth defang zeng, xiang mei and juanjuan wu school of resource and environmental engineering, wuhan university of technology, wuhan 430070, p. Where as in sorghum the major diseases causing pathogen are colletotrichum graminicola and sphacelotheca reiliana.
Draft notification of department of agriculture re. Or the consignment of maize seeds was officially tested and found free from clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of chlamydospores of ustilago maydis, u. Studies in the physiology and cytololgy of ustilago zeae and sorosporium reilianum. Semantic scholar extracted view of smut of sorghum, sudangrass, and corn, caused by sphacelotheca reiliana kuhn clint by philip m. Oeppeppo 1994 eppo standard pp 211 guideline on good plant protection practice. Yield losses due to the disease are variable and directly depend on the severity of the disease. Realtime pcr analysis of maize seedlings for assessment. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble english words left, right, up, down from the falling squares. In vitro growth of sphacelotheca reiliana mycelium, sporidia and teliospores.
The plant, however, was infected with the smut organism as evidenced by the production of. Fusarium graminearum, sphacelotheca reiliana, and maize streak virus tabel 2. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 u. A thin parasitizing mycelium was intercellular with haus toria. This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the iowa state. Effects of an environmentally friendly seed coating agent. The current paper describes laboratory and greenhouse experiments performed with field material of s. Sphacelotheca reiliana synonyms, sphacelotheca reiliana pronunciation, sphacelotheca reiliana translation, english dictionary definition of sphacelotheca reiliana. Sphacelotheca genus of smut fungus genus sphacelotheca smut fungus, smut any fungus of the order ustilaginales family ustilaginaceae. Sphacelotheca reiliana, also known as sporisorium reilianum, is a species of biotrophic fungus in the family microbotryaceae.
Head smut of maize caused by sphacelotheca reiliana j. Sclerospora graminicola, sphacelotheca reiliana and stenocarpella macrospora. Head smut of maize, caused by the fungus sporisorium reiliana, is an important disease in the temperate maizegrowing areas worldwide. A new distribution map is provided for sphacelotheca cruenta kuhn potter. Sorghum smuts remains to be an important biotic factor constraining its efficient productions in semiarid tropics regions of the world especially africa and asia. Development of sequence characterized amplified region scar primers for the detection of phyto. Pdf the study evaluates the effects of selected fungicides on radial mycelial growth and the germination of teliospores and.
Head smut of maize, caused by the fungus sphacelotheca reiliana, is an economically important disease in all. If unable to certify that the maize is sourced from an area free of corn smut ustilago maydis and head smut of corn sphacelotheca reiliana, the seed must be devitalised by heat treatment at degrees celsius for 30 minutes. It is important to limit transmission of spores to disease free areas via harvesting. Sphacelotheca definition of sphacelotheca by the free. Physiologic specialization of sphacelotheca reiliana to sorghum and corn. Sphacelotheca reiliana memidex dictionarythesaurus. Mid this article has been rated as midimportance on the. It is a plant pathogen that infects maize and sorghum. Cultural control and sanitary methods the survival of ustiloospores of s.
The galls are covered by a very fragile membrane that breaks early and easily. Collect the smutted ear heads in cloth bags and dip in boiling water. Morphological characteristics of smut isolates agree with those reported for sphacelotheca reiliana. Analysis of qtl for resistance to head smut sporisorium. Head smut, caused by the fungus sphacelotheca reiliana. This disease exists in many major maize growing regions and the disease incidence is rising. Head smut of sorghum, sudangrass, and corn, caused by sphacelotheca reiliana kuhn clint. Or heat treated at 85 degrees celsius for 15 hours. Information is given on the geographical distribution in africa, botswana.
Symptoms consist of conspicuous galls that replace ears or tassels. Sphacelotheca reiliana, the causal organism of sorghum head smut, develops only in actively grow ing host meristematic tissue. Yield gap of maize in nepal nmrp, 2014 major constraints. Diseases of maize downy mildewcrazy top sorghum downy mildew peronosclerospora sorghi phlippine downy mildew peronosclerospora philippinensis crazy top sclerophthora macrospora symptoms the most characteristic symptom is the development of chlorotic streaks on the leaves. Sorghum known to be associated with one of the most important diseases of seed and soilborne pathogens sphacelotheca spp. This specie was detected in eighth provinces on canilla, fr28, tuson, tgh, p7928 varieties. Sphacelotheca reiliana, also known as sporisorium reilianum, is a species of biotrophic fungus. Untersuchungen uber sphacelotheca reiliana untersuchungen uber sphacelotheca reiliana kruuger, w. A, belated development of covered kernel smut of sorghum in axillary heads of sagrain. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. Sphacele calycina california plant with woolly stems and leaves and large white flowers lepechinia calycina, pitcher sage genus lepechinia, genus.
Head smut caused by sporisorium holcisorghi synonyms s. Abstract in cuba, during last years maize have been gained in importance, cropped areas with this cereal have been increased from 74 604 ha in 1990 to 185 922 ha in 2014. Realtime pcr analysis of maize seedlings for assessment of seed. This sorus, or smut body, is composed of millions of ustilospores when mature. Labels manufactured by the manufacturer cni ag independent retailers. Pdf head smut of maize caused by sphacelotheca reiliana j. Clinton in cuba article pdf available april 2016 with 271 reads how we measure reads. Or devitalised by micronisation, fluffing, milling, crushing or.
Sporisorium reilianum infection changes inflorescence and. Quirin e a, ogundiwin e a, prince j p, mazourek m, briggs m o, chlanda t s, kim k t, falise m, kang b c, jahn m m. Head smut in corn sphacelotheca reiliana introduction head smut is a disease of corn found in the major corn growing areas of europe and the united states. In several maize fields from different provinces, plants with deformed male. Sphacelotheca reiliana, head smut bayer maize head smut male inflorescence of maize infected by head smut. Development of sequence characterized amplified region scar. Pdf smut of sorghum, sudangrass, and corn, caused by. Start this article has been rated as startclass on the projects quality scale. Sporisorium reilianum is a biotrophic maize zea mays pathogen of increasing economic importance. Sphacelotheca reiliana, ustilago maydis gray leaf spot maize cercospora zeamaydis maize leaf blight drechslera turcicum stalk rot ear rot maize f. Nasa technical reports server ntrs alkanes in fungal spores. Seed health summary notes university of nairobi personal. This clearly revealed that seed treatment is crucial in managing this disease.
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